Representation of DICOM "arrays" (values with VM larger than 1) and other values (OB, OW, etc.) in RDF

[grittner-sohard]

DICOM value multiplicity VM

DICOM defines the value multiplicity VM in Pt.3 Chapter 6.4.
This can be used to encode arrays and if the values are represented as strings, then the delimiter is the backslash "" and binary values of fixed length are just concatenated without any delimiter.

Encoding as RDF list

A direct approach to represent these would be to put all values in RDF lists. Even though this has a nice representation in turtle, actually it uses a linked list, which puts additional scaffolding elements to the data.
A very common use of these DICOM "arrays" are for example ROIs (region of interest) polygons. These are typically for display puposes and need to be read in order at once from the data. An RDF list representation makes this impossible with SPARQL only and needs some cumbersome sorting algorithm to recreate an array with the correct order.

DICOM encoding

Another idea is to use a string representation of the DICOM values of VMs greater than 1.
One way could be to stick with the DICOM notation and just use the delimiter for strings as defined in DICOM itself.

Well-known text representation

Another way could be to use an array representation that is close to the semantic meaning of DICOM. For polygons this could be taken from the well-known text representation of geometry. And other attributes in DICOM like for example DVHs could be mapped to these as well (e.g. as MultiPoint).
The adavantage is, that there are already SPARQL tools that can handle a sub set of the well-known text encodings.

Binary encoded data

DICOM can define arrays of binary data types and serialize them directly in binary format. This is still missing from RDF. As a workaround these can be represented as a decimal string, but this might change the accuracy.

Other values like OB, OW, etc.

These are streams that contain a sequence of multiple values, even though the VM is defined as 1 for the stream. Typically these data sets are very large and even though they can be represented as strings this increases the length of the encoded data. And BASE64 encoding makes it difficult to access the data at a given index directly.

[ebremer]

Adding this here as it was discussed at the last meeting as it gives support for the argument to use Well-Known Text (WKT) to represent polygonal data in DICOM:

WKT is supported in OGC GeoSPARQL Specification

[Virtuoso] (https://vos.openlinksw.com/owiki/wiki/VOS/VirtGeoSPARQLEnhancementDocs)
[Apache Jena] (https://jena.apache.org/documentation/geosparql/index.html)
[Stardog] (https://docs.stardog.com/query-stardog/geospatial-queries)
[RDF4J] (https://rdf4j.org/documentation/programming/geosparql/)
[GraphDB] (https://graphdb.ontotext.com/documentation/10.7/geosparql-support.html)

as well as other RDF systems

[ebremer]

Here is a snippet from a converted file with DICOM tag 30060050 as a OSG WKT literal instead of a rdf:List of x,y,z decimals. The OGC namespace for GeoSPARQL in included:

PREFIX dcm: <https://halcyon.is/dicom/ns/>
PREFIX geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#>
PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

<urn:oid:1.3.6.1.4.1.14519.5.2.1.18138783555294854291858006605381019315>
        rdf:type      dcm:SOPInstance;
        dcm:00020001  [ dcm:InlineBinary  "AAE="^^xsd:base64Binary;
                        dcm:vr            "OB"
                      ];
        dcm:00020002  "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.481.3";
        dcm:00020003  "1.3.6.1.4.1.14519.5.2.1.18138783555294854291858006605381019315";
        dcm:00020010  "1.2.840.10008.1.2";
        dcm:00020012  "1.3.6.1.4.1.22213.1.143";
        dcm:30060039  ( [ dcm:3006002A  [ dcm:Value  ( 0 240 0 );
                                          dcm:vr     "IS"
                                        ];
                          dcm:30060040  ( [ dcm:30060016  [ dcm:00081150  "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2";
                                                            dcm:00081155  "1.3.6.1.4.1.14519.5.2.1.317948992295226124187671627712288298369"
                                                          ];
                                            dcm:30060042  "CLOSED_PLANAR";
                                            dcm:30060046  64;
                                            dcm:30060050  "POLYGON Z((100.977 69.776 69.776, 101.245 69.507 69.507, 105.542 69.507 69.507, 105.811 69.776 69.776, 106.079 70.045 70.045, 106.616 70.045 70.045, 106.885 70.313 70.313, 107.153 70.582 70.582, 107.69 70.582 70.582, 107.959 70.85 70.85, 108.228 71.119 71.119, 108.496 71.387 71.387, 108.496 71.924 71.924, 108.765 72.193 72.193, 109.033 72.462 72.462, 109.033 72.999 72.999, 109.302 73.267 73.267, 109.57 73.536 73.536, 109.57 76.758 76.758, 109.302 77.027 77.027, 109.033 77.296 77.296, 109.033 77.833 77.833, 108.765 78.101 78.101, 108.496 78.37 78.37, 108.496 78.907 78.907, 108.228 79.175 79.175, 107.959 79.444 79.444, 107.69 79.712 79.712, 107.422 79.981 79.981, 107.153 80.25 80.25, 106.616 80.25 80.25, 106.348 80.518 80.518, 106.079 80.787 80.787, 100.708 80.787 80.787, 100.439 80.518 80.518, 100.171 80.25 80.25, 99.634 80.25 80.25, 99.365 79.981 79.981, 99.097 79.712 79.712, 98.828 79.444 79.444, 98.828 78.907 78.907, 98.56 78.638 78.638, 98.291 78.37 78.37, 98.291 77.833 77.833, 98.022 77.564 77.564, 97.754 77.296 77.296, 97.754 76.758 76.758, 97.485 76.49 76.49, 97.217 76.221 76.221, 97.217 74.073 74.073, 97.485 73.804 73.804, 97.754 73.536 73.536, 97.754 72.999 72.999, 98.022 72.73 72.73, 98.291 72.462 72.462, 98.291 71.924 71.924, 98.56 71.656 71.656, 98.828 71.387 71.387, 99.097 71.119 71.119, 99.365 70.85 70.85, 99.634 70.582 70.582, 100.171 70.582 70.582, 100.439 70.313 70.313, 100.708 70.045 70.045, 100.977 69.776 69.776))"^^geo:wktLiteral
                                          ]
                                          [ dcm:30060016  [ dcm:00081150  "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2";
                                                            dcm:00081155  "1.3.6.1.4.1.14519.5.2.1.319568886267845977573835295169831916288"
                                                          ];
                                            dcm:30060042  "CLOSED_PLANAR";
                                            dcm:30060046  174;
                                            dcm:30060050  "POLYGON Z((48.877 48.829 48.829, 49.146 48.56 48.56, 59.888 48.56 48.56, 60.156 48.829 48.829, 60.425 49.097 49.097, 60.962 49.097 49.097, 61.23 49.366 49.366, 61.499 49.634 49.634, 62.036 49.634 49.634, 62.305 49.903 49.903, 62.573 50.171 50.171, 62.842 50.44 50.44, 63.11 50.709 50.709, 63.379 50.977 50.977, 63.647 51.246 51.246, 63.916 51.514 51.514, 63.916 52.051 52.051, 64.185 52.32 52.32, 64.453 52.588 52.588, 64.722 52.857 52.857, 64.99 53.126 53.126, 64.99 53.663 53.663, 65.259 53.931 53.931, 65.527 54.2 54.2, 65.527 55.274 55.274, 65.796 55.543 55.543, 66.064 55.811 55.811, 66.064 56.348 56.348, 66.333 56.617 56.617, 66.602 56.885 56.885, 66.602 57.422 57.422, 66.87 57.691 57.691, 67.139 57.96 57.96, 67.407 58.228 58.228, 67.676 58.497 58.497, 67.676 59.034 59.034, 67.944 59.302 59.302, 68.213 59.571 59.571, 68.213 60.108 60.108, 68.481 60.377 60.377, 68.75 60.645 60.645, 69.019 60.914 60.914, 69.287 61.182 61.182, 69.556 61.451 61.451, 69.824 61.719 61.719, 70.093 61.988 61.988, 70.361 62.256 62.256, 70.63 62.525 62.525, 71.167 62.525 62.525, 71.436 62.794 62.794, 71.704 63.062 63.062, 71.973 63.331 63.331, 72.241 63.599 63.599, 72.51 63.868 63.868, 72.778 64.136 64.136, 73.047 64.405 64.405, 73.047 64.942 64.942, 73.315 65.211 65.211, 73.584 65.479 65.479, 73.584 66.016 66.016, 73.853 66.285 66.285, 74.121 66.553 66.553, 74.121 68.702 68.702, 73.853 68.97 68.97, 73.584 69.239 69.239, 73.584 70.313 70.313, 73.315 70.582 70.582, 73.047 70.85 70.85, 73.047 71.387 71.387, 72.778 71.656 71.656, 72.51 71.924 71.924, 72.241 72.193 72.193, 71.973 72.462 72.462, 71.704 72.73 72.73, 71.167 72.73 72.73, 70.898 72.999 72.999, 70.63 73.267 73.267, 70.093 73.267 73.267, 69.824 72.999 72.999, 69.556 72.73 72.73, 69.019 72.73 72.73, 68.75 72.462 72.462, 68.481 72.193 72.193, 67.944 72.193 72.193, 67.676 71.924 71.924, 67.407 71.656 71.656, 66.87 71.656 71.656, 66.602 71.387 71.387, 66.333 71.119 71.119, 65.796 71.119 71.119, 65.527 70.85 70.85, 65.259 70.582 70.582, 64.722 70.582 70.582, 64.453 70.313 70.313, 64.185 70.045 70.045, 63.647 70.045 70.045, 63.379 69.776 69.776, 63.11 69.507 69.507, 62.842 69.239 69.239, 62.573 68.97 68.97, 62.036 68.97 68.97, 61.768 68.702 68.702, 61.499 68.433 68.433, 60.962 68.433 68.433, 60.693 68.165 68.165, 60.425 67.896 67.896, 59.888 67.896 67.896, 59.619 67.628 67.628, 59.351 67.359 67.359, 59.082 67.09 67.09, 58.813 66.822 66.822, 58.276 66.822 66.822, 58.008 66.553 66.553, 57.739 66.285 66.285, 57.471 66.016 66.016, 57.202 65.748 65.748, 56.128 65.748 65.748, 55.859 65.479 65.479, 55.591 65.211 65.211, 55.322 64.942 64.942, 55.054 64.673 64.673, 54.517 64.673 64.673, 54.248 64.405 64.405, 53.979 64.136 64.136, 53.711 63.868 63.868, 53.442 63.599 63.599, 52.905 63.599 63.599, 52.637 63.331 63.331, 52.368 63.062 63.062, 52.1 62.794 62.794, 51.831 62.525 62.525, 51.562 62.256 62.256, 51.294 61.988 61.988, 51.025 61.719 61.719, 50.757 61.451 61.451, 50.22 61.451 61.451, 49.951 61.182 61.182, 49.683 60.914 60.914, 49.414 60.645 60.645, 49.414 60.108 60.108, 49.146 59.839 59.839, 48.877 59.571 59.571, 48.608 59.302 59.302, 48.34 59.034 59.034, 48.071 58.765 58.765, 47.803 58.497 58.497, 47.534 58.228 58.228, 47.266 57.96 57.96, 46.997 57.691 57.691, 46.729 57.422 57.422, 46.46 57.154 57.154, 46.191 56.885 56.885, 45.923 56.617 56.617, 45.386 56.617 56.617, 45.117 56.348 56.348, 45.117 54.737 54.737, 44.849 54.468 54.468, 44.58 54.2 54.2, 44.58 53.663 53.663, 44.849 53.394 53.394, 45.117 53.126 53.126, 45.117 52.051 52.051, 45.386 51.783 51.783, 45.654 51.514 51.514, 45.654 50.977 50.977, 45.923 50.709 50.709, 46.191 50.44 50.44, 46.46 50.171 50.171, 46.729 49.903 49.903, 46.997 49.634 49.634, 47.534 49.634 49.634, 47.803 49.366 49.366, 48.071 49.097 49.097, 48.608 49.097 49.097, 48.877 48.829 48.829))"^^geo:wktLiteral
                                          ]
                                          [ dcm:30060016  [ dcm:00081150  "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2";
                                                            dcm:00081155  "1.3.6.1.4.1.14519.5.2.1.319568886267845977573835295169831916288"
                                                          ];
                                            dcm:30060042  "CLOSED_PLANAR";
                                            dcm:30060046  95;
                                            dcm:30060050  "POLYGON Z((103.662 65.479 65.479, 103.931 65.211 65.211, 107.69 65.211 65.211, 107.959 65.479 65.479, 108.228 65.748 65.748, 108.765 65.748 65.748, 109.033 66.016 66.016, 109.302 66.285 66.285, 109.839 66.285 66.285, 110.107 66.553 66.553, 110.107 67.09 67.09, 110.376 67.359 67.359, 110.645 67.628 67.628, 110.645 70.85 70.85, 110.913 71.119 71.119, 111.182 71.387 71.387, 111.182 72.999 72.999, 111.45 73.267 73.267, 111.719 73.536 73.536, 111.719 76.758 76.758, 111.45 77.027 77.027, 111.182 77.296 77.296, 111.182 78.37 78.37, 110.913 78.638 78.638, 110.645 78.907 78.907, 110.645 79.444 79.444, 110.376 79.712 79.712, 110.107 79.981 79.981, 109.839 80.25 80.25, 109.57 80.518 80.518, 109.302 80.787 80.787, 109.033 81.055 81.055, 108.765 81.324 81.324, 108.496 81.592 81.592, 108.228 81.861 81.861, 107.69 81.861 81.861, 107.422 82.129 82.129, 107.153 82.398 82.398, 106.616 82.398 82.398, 106.348 82.667 82.667, 106.079 82.935 82.935, 99.634 82.935 82.935, 99.365 82.667 82.667, 99.097 82.398 82.398, 98.022 82.398 82.398, 97.754 82.129 82.129, 97.485 81.861 81.861, 97.217 81.592 81.592, 96.948 81.324 81.324, 96.68 81.055 81.055, 96.411 80.787 80.787, 96.143 80.518 80.518, 95.874 80.25 80.25, 95.605 79.981 79.981, 95.337 79.712 79.712, 95.068 79.444 79.444, 95.068 78.907 78.907, 94.8 78.638 78.638, 94.531 78.37 78.37, 94.531 77.296 77.296, 94.263 77.027 77.027, 93.994 76.758 76.758, 93.994 74.073 74.073, 94.263 73.804 73.804, 94.531 73.536 73.536, 94.531 72.462 72.462, 94.8 72.193 72.193, 95.068 71.924 71.924, 95.068 71.387 71.387, 95.337 71.119 71.119, 95.605 70.85 70.85, 95.874 70.582 70.582, 96.411 70.582 70.582, 96.68 70.313 70.313, 96.948 70.045 70.045, 97.485 70.045 70.045, 97.754 69.776 69.776, 98.022 69.507 69.507, 98.291 69.239 69.239, 98.56 68.97 68.97, 98.828 68.702 68.702, 99.097 68.433 68.433, 99.634 68.433 68.433, 99.902 68.165 68.165, 100.171 67.896 67.896, 100.439 67.628 67.628, 100.708 67.359 67.359, 100.977 67.09 67.09, 101.245 66.822 66.822, 101.514 66.553 66.553, 101.782 66.285 66.285, 102.319 66.285 66.285, 102.588 66.016 66.016, 102.856 65.748 65.748, 103.394 65.748 65.748, 103.662 65.479 65.479))"^^geo:wktLiteral
                                          ]
                                          [ dcm:30060016  [ dcm:00081150  "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2";
                                                            dcm:00081155  "1.3.6.1.4.1.14519.5.2.1.216930547690562760785206503879995312055"
                                                          ];
                                            dcm:30060042  "CLOSED_PLANAR";
                                            dcm:30060046  212;
                                            dcm:30060050  "POLYGON Z((42.969 47.754 47.754, 43.237 47.486 47.486, 52.368 47.486 47.486, 52.637 47.754 47.754, 52.905 48.023 48.023, 62.036 48.023 48.023, 62.305 48.292 48.292, 62.573 48.56 48.56, 63.11 48.56 48.56, 63.379 48.829 48.829, 63.647 49.097 49.097, 64.185 49.097 49.097, 64.453 49.366 49.366, 64.722 49.634 49.634, 64.99 49.903 49.903, 65.259 50.171 50.171, 65.527 50.44 50.44, 65.796 50.709 50.709, 66.87 50.709 50.709, 67.139 50.977 50.977, 67.407 51.246 51.246, 67.676 51.514 51.514, 67.944 51.783 51.783, 68.481 51.783 51.783, 68.75 52.051 52.051, 69.019 52.32 52.32, 69.287 52.588 52.588, 69.556 52.857 52.857, 69.824 53.126 53.126, 70.093 53.394 53.394, 70.361 53.663 53.663, 70.63 53.931 53.931, 71.167 53.931 53.931, 71.436 54.2 54.2, 71.704 54.468 54.468, 71.973 54.737 54.737, 72.241 55.005 55.005, 72.778 55.005 55.005, 73.047 55.274 55.274, 73.315 55.543 55.543, 73.584 55.811 55.811, 73.853 56.08 56.08, 74.39 56.08 56.08, 74.658 56.348 56.348, 74.927 56.617 56.617, 75.195 56.885 56.885, 75.464 57.154 57.154, 75.732 57.422 57.422, 76.001 57.691 57.691, 76.538 57.691 57.691, 76.807 57.96 57.96, 77.075 58.228 58.228, 77.344 58.497 58.497, 77.612 58.765 58.765, 77.881 59.034 59.034, 77.881 59.571 59.571, 78.149 59.839 59.839, 78.418 60.108 60.108, 78.687 60.377 60.377, 80.298 60.377 60.377, 80.566 60.645 60.645, 80.835 60.914 60.914, 81.372 60.914 60.914, 81.641 61.182 61.182, 81.909 61.451 61.451, 82.983 61.451 61.451, 83.252 61.719 61.719, 83.521 61.988 61.988, 84.595 61.988 61.988, 84.863 62.256 62.256, 85.132 62.525 62.525, 85.669 62.525 62.525, 85.938 62.794 62.794, 86.206 63.062 63.062, 86.475 63.331 63.331, 86.743 63.599 63.599, 87.012 63.868 63.868, 87.28 64.136 64.136, 87.549 64.405 64.405, 87.549 64.942 64.942, 87.817 65.211 65.211, 88.086 65.479 65.479, 88.086 69.239 69.239, 87.817 69.507 69.507, 87.549 69.776 69.776, 87.549 70.313 70.313, 87.28 70.582 70.582, 87.012 70.85 70.85, 86.743 71.119 71.119, 86.475 71.387 71.387, 86.206 71.656 71.656, 85.938 71.924 71.924, 85.669 72.193 72.193, 85.132 72.193 72.193, 84.863 72.462 72.462, 84.595 72.73 72.73, 81.909 72.73 72.73, 81.641 72.999 72.999, 81.372 73.267 73.267, 78.149 73.267 73.267, 77.881 73.536 73.536, 77.612 73.804 73.804, 77.075 73.804 73.804, 76.807 74.073 74.073, 76.538 74.341 74.341, 72.778 74.341 74.341, 72.51 74.073 74.073, 72.241 73.804 73.804, 71.167 73.804 73.804, 70.898 73.536 73.536, 70.63 73.267 73.267, 70.361 72.999 72.999, 70.093 72.73 72.73, 69.824 72.462 72.462, 69.556 72.193 72.193, 69.019 72.193 72.193, 68.75 71.924 71.924, 68.481 71.656 71.656, 68.213 71.387 71.387, 67.944 71.119 71.119, 67.407 71.119 71.119, 67.139 70.85 70.85, 66.87 70.582 70.582, 66.602 70.313 70.313, 66.333 70.045 70.045, 65.796 70.045 70.045, 65.527 69.776 69.776, 65.259 69.507 69.507, 64.722 69.507 69.507, 64.453 69.239 69.239, 64.185 68.97 68.97, 63.647 68.97 68.97, 63.379 68.702 68.702, 63.11 68.433 68.433, 62.573 68.433 68.433, 62.305 68.165 68.165, 62.036 67.896 67.896, 61.768 67.628 67.628, 61.499 67.359 67.359, 60.962 67.359 67.359, 60.693 67.09 67.09, 60.425 66.822 66.822, 59.351 66.822 66.822, 59.082 66.553 66.553, 58.813 66.285 66.285, 58.545 66.016 66.016, 58.276 65.748 65.748, 58.008 65.479 65.479, 58.008 64.942 64.942, 57.739 64.673 64.673, 57.202 64.673 64.673, 56.934 64.405 64.405, 56.665 64.136 64.136, 56.396 63.868 63.868, 56.128 63.599 63.599, 55.859 63.331 63.331, 55.591 63.062 63.062, 55.322 62.794 62.794, 55.054 62.525 62.525, 54.785 62.256 62.256, 54.517 61.988 61.988, 54.248 61.719 61.719, 53.979 61.451 61.451, 53.711 61.182 61.182, 53.442 60.914 60.914, 52.905 60.914 60.914, 52.637 60.645 60.645, 52.368 60.377 60.377, 52.1 60.108 60.108, 51.831 59.839 59.839, 51.562 59.571 59.571, 51.294 59.302 59.302, 51.025 59.034 59.034, 50.757 58.765 58.765, 50.22 58.765 58.765, 49.951 58.497 58.497, 49.683 58.228 58.228, 49.146 58.228 58.228, 48.877 57.96 57.96, 48.608 57.691 57.691, 48.071 57.691 57.691, 47.803 57.422 57.422, 47.534 57.154 57.154, 46.997 57.154 57.154, 46.729 56.885 56.885, 46.46 56.617 56.617, 46.191 56.348 56.348, 45.923 56.08 56.08, 45.654 55.811 55.811, 45.386 55.543 55.543, 45.117 55.274 55.274, 44.849 55.005 55.005, 44.312 55.005 55.005, 44.043 54.737 54.737, 44.043 54.2 54.2, 43.774 53.931 53.931, 43.506 53.663 53.663, 43.237 53.394 53.394, 42.969 53.126 53.126, 42.7 52.857 52.857, 42.432 52.588 52.588, 42.163 52.32 52.32, 41.895 52.051 52.051, 41.895 51.514 51.514, 41.626 51.246 51.246, 41.357 50.977 50.977, 41.357 49.366 49.366, 41.626 49.097 49.097, 41.895 48.829 48.829, 42.163 48.56 48.56, 42.432 48.292 48.292, 42.7 48.023 48.023, 42.969 47.754 47.754))"^^geo:wktLiteral
                                          ]
                                          [ dcm:30060016  [ dcm:00081150  "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2";
                                                            dcm:00081155  "1.3.6.1.4.1.14519.5.2.1.216930547690562760785206503879995312055"
                                                          ];
                                            dcm:30060042  "CLOSED_PLANAR";
                                            dcm:30060046  145;
                                            dcm:30060050  "POLYGON Z((102.588 59.034 59.034, 102.856 58.765 58.765, 107.69 58.765 58.765, 107.959 59.034 59.034, 108.228 59.302 59.302, 108.765 59.302 59.302, 109.033 59.571 59.571, 109.302 59.839 59.839, 109.57 60.108 60.108, 109.839 60.377 60.377, 110.107 60.645 60.645, 110.376 60.914 60.914, 110.645 61.182 61.182, 110.913 61.451 61.451, 111.182 61.719 61.719, 111.45 61.988 61.988, 111.719 62.256 62.256, 111.719 63.331 63.331, 111.987 63.599 63.599, 112.256 63.868 63.868, 112.256 69.239 69.239, 111.987 69.507 69.507, 111.719 69.776 69.776, 111.719 70.85 70.85, 111.987 71.119 71.119, 112.524 71.119 71.119, 112.793 71.387 71.387, 113.062 71.656 71.656, 113.33 71.924 71.924, 113.33 72.462 72.462, 113.599 72.73 72.73, 113.867 72.999 72.999, 114.136 73.267 73.267, 114.404 73.536 73.536, 114.404 76.221 76.221, 114.136 76.49 76.49, 113.867 76.758 76.758, 113.867 77.833 77.833, 113.599 78.101 78.101, 113.33 78.37 78.37, 113.33 78.907 78.907, 113.062 79.175 79.175, 112.793 79.444 79.444, 112.793 79.981 79.981, 112.524 80.25 80.25, 112.256 80.518 80.518, 111.987 80.787 80.787, 111.45 80.787 80.787, 111.182 81.055 81.055, 110.913 81.324 81.324, 110.645 81.592 81.592, 110.376 81.861 81.861, 110.107 82.129 82.129, 110.107 82.667 82.667, 109.839 82.935 82.935, 109.302 82.935 82.935, 109.033 83.204 83.204, 108.765 83.472 83.472, 108.228 83.472 83.472, 107.959 83.741 83.741, 107.69 84.009 84.009, 107.422 84.278 84.278, 107.153 84.546 84.546, 106.885 84.815 84.815, 106.616 85.084 85.084, 103.394 85.084 85.084, 103.125 84.815 84.815, 102.856 84.546 84.546, 101.782 84.546 84.546, 101.514 84.278 84.278, 101.245 84.009 84.009, 100.708 84.009 84.009, 100.439 83.741 83.741, 100.171 83.472 83.472, 99.097 83.472 83.472, 98.828 83.204 83.204, 98.56 82.935 82.935, 98.022 82.935 82.935, 97.754 82.667 82.667, 97.485 82.398 82.398, 96.948 82.398 82.398, 96.68 82.129 82.129, 96.411 81.861 81.861, 95.874 81.861 81.861, 95.605 81.592 81.592, 95.337 81.324 81.324, 95.068 81.055 81.055, 94.8 80.787 80.787, 94.263 80.787 80.787, 93.994 80.518 80.518, 93.994 79.981 79.981, 93.726 79.712 79.712, 93.457 79.444 79.444, 93.188 79.175 79.175, 92.92 78.907 78.907, 92.651 78.638 78.638, 92.383 78.37 78.37, 92.383 77.833 77.833, 92.114 77.564 77.564, 91.846 77.296 77.296, 91.846 76.221 76.221, 91.577 75.953 75.953, 91.309 75.684 75.684, 91.309 71.387 71.387, 91.577 71.119 71.119, 91.846 70.85 70.85, 91.846 69.776 69.776, 92.114 69.507 69.507, 92.383 69.239 69.239, 92.383 68.702 68.702, 92.651 68.433 68.433, 92.92 68.165 68.165, 92.92 67.628 67.628, 93.188 67.359 67.359, 93.457 67.09 67.09, 93.457 66.553 66.553, 93.726 66.285 66.285, 93.994 66.016 66.016, 93.994 65.479 65.479, 94.263 65.211 65.211, 94.531 64.942 64.942, 94.8 64.673 64.673, 95.068 64.405 64.405, 95.068 63.868 63.868, 95.337 63.599 63.599, 95.605 63.331 63.331, 95.874 63.062 63.062, 96.143 62.794 62.794, 96.411 62.525 62.525, 96.68 62.256 62.256, 96.948 61.988 61.988, 97.217 61.719 61.719, 97.485 61.451 61.451, 97.754 61.182 61.182, 98.022 60.914 60.914, 98.56 60.914 60.914, 98.828 60.645 60.645, 99.097 60.377 60.377, 100.171 60.377 60.377, 100.439 60.108 60.108, 100.708 59.839 59.839, 101.245 59.839 59.839, 101.514 59.571 59.571, 101.782 59.302 59.302, 102.319 59.302 59.302, 102.588 59.034 59.034))"^^geo:wktLiteral
                                          ]
...

[ebremer]

Reference:
[Jovanovik, Homburg, & Spasic, 2021]
A GeoSPARQL Compliance Benchmark. Milos Jovanovik; Timo Homburg; Mirko Spasic. Internal Journal of Geo-Information. 2021-07-16. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/7/487