feat(spec-specs,forks,tests): cap total transaction gas at 2^32 - 1 (EIP-8037)

[spencer-tb]

Description

Cap each transaction's total gas limit (tx.gas) at 2^32 - 1 in Amsterdam, as specified in ethereum/EIPs#12311.

Under EIP-8037, the existing EIP-7825 cap applies only to execution gas. This new cap bounds the total gas limit, including the state gas reservoir.

Implementation

• Add TX_MAX_TOTAL_GAS_LIMIT and reject transactions above it before the intrinsic-gas checks. Reuse TransactionGasLimitExceededError, which already maps to GAS_LIMIT_EXCEEDS_MAXIMUM.
• Expose the cap through fork.transaction_total_gas_limit_cap(): None before EIP-8037 and 2**32 - 1 from activation.
• Clamp automatically filled gas limits to the new cap. This keeps tests with very large block gas limits valid. An explicit state_gas_reservoir request that would exceed the cap raises a test-correctness error.
• Update the EIP-8037 specification pin.

Test coverage

Boundary tests cover all five transaction types, accepting transactions at the cap and rejecting those one gas above it. The block gas limit is set to twice the cap, so rejection can be attributed to the transaction cap.

Fork-transition tests check both boundaries:

Transaction gas limit	Before EIP-8037	After EIP-8037
2^32 - 1	Rejected by EIP-7825	Accepted
2^32	Rejected by EIP-7825	Rejected by the new total cap

The boundary test is skipped in execute mode because live-network block gas limits are too low to isolate this rule. Filled fixtures check the transaction-level error through the exception mappers.

Related Issues or PRs

ethereum/EIPs#12311

Checklist

• Ran fast static checks to avoid CI fails, see Code Standards & Verifying Changes: just static
• PR title has the form <type>(<area>): <title>, where <type> and <area> come from an appropriate C-<type>, respectively A-<area>, label. The title should match the target squash commit message.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 94.47%. Comparing base (d4c28bf) to head (1f9496d).

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##           forks/amsterdam    #3582   +/-   ##
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  Coverage            94.47%   94.47%           
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  Files                  624      624           
  Lines                36969    36972    +3     
  Branches              3334     3335    +1     
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+ Hits                 34925    34928    +3     
  Misses                1443     1443           
  Partials               601      601           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	94.47% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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