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Merge pull request #1192 from rando2/legend
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rando2 authored Jan 12, 2023
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Expand Up @@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ However, public attention in the United States and elsewhere has largely focused
We review vaccine technologies used for SARS-CoV-2 in two parts: here, the application of established vaccine development platforms to SARS-CoV-2, and separately, novel nucleic acid-based approaches [@individual-vaccines-novel].

Understanding vaccine development programs that are using well-established technologies is important for a global perspective on COVID-19.
As of {{viper_date_pretty}}, {{viper_vaccine_counts}} SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been approved for use in at least one country.
As of {{viper_date_pretty}}, {{viper_vaccine_counts}} SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been approved for use in at least one country [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org].
A resource tracking the distribution of {{owid_vaccine_counts}} vaccines indicates that, as of {{owid_most_recent_date}}, {{owid_worldwide_total_vaccinations}} doses have been administered across {{owid_total_countries}} countries [@doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8].
Many of these vaccines use platforms that do not require information about the viral genome, with {{viper_num_approved_subunit}} developed using subunit and {{viper_num_approved_whole_virus}} using whole-virus approaches.
Many of these vaccines use platforms that do not require information about the viral genome, with {{viper_num_approved_subunit}} developed using subunit and {{viper_num_approved_whole_virus}} using whole-virus approaches [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org].
The types of vaccines available varies widely throughout the world, as the process of developing and deploying a vaccine is complex and often requires coordination between government, industry, academia, and philanthropic entities [@doi:10.1126/science.abc5312].

Another difference between prior global health crises and the COVID-19 pandemic is the way that vaccines are evaluated.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ The exact mechanisms responsible for VADE remain elusive due to the specificity

#### Application to COVID-19

Table: Inactivated whole-virus vaccines approved in at least one country [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/types-of-vaccines] as of {{viper_date_pretty}}.
Table: Inactivated whole-virus vaccines approved in at least one country [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/types-of-vaccines] as of {{viper_date_pretty}} [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org].
{#tbl:approved-whole-virus}

{{viper_approved_whole_virus}}
Expand All @@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ Here we review three vaccine development programs and their successes in a real-
**Worldwide availability of vaccines developed using inactivated whole viruses.**
This figure reflects the number of vaccines based on whole inactivated virus technology that were available in each country as of {{owid_most_recent_date}}.
These data are retrieved from Our World in Data [@url:https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus] and plotted using geopandas [@doi:10.5281/zenodo.5573592].
The color scale is based on the number of vaccines of this type included in the OWID dataset as a whole, not the maximum observed in a single country.
See https://greenelab.github.io/covid19-review/ for the most recent version of this figure, which is updated daily.
]({{owid_inactivated_map}} "Availability of inactivated whole virus vaccines"){#fig:iwv-distrib secno=1}

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ The components can be designed for a highly targeted immune response to a specif
One limitation is that, in the case of protein subunit vaccines, adjuvants are usually required to boost the immune response [@doi:10.1517/14712598.2011.573624] (see online Appendix [@url:https://greenelab.github.io/covid19-review]).
Adjuvants, which are compounds that elicit an immunogenic effect, include alum (aluminum hydroxide), squalene- or saponin-based adjuvants, and Freund’s incomplete/complete adjuvants, although the latter is avoided in human and veterinary medicine due to high toxicity [@doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.055; @doi:10.3390/vaccines2030515; @doi:10.1093/ilar.46.3.280].

Table: Subunit vaccines approved for use in at least one country [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/types-of-vaccines] as of {{viper_date_pretty}}.
Table: Subunit vaccines approved for use in at least one country [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/types-of-vaccines] as of {{viper_date_pretty}} [@url:https://covid19.trackvaccines.org].
{#tbl:approved-subunit}

{{viper_approved_subunit}}
Expand All @@ -411,6 +412,7 @@ As of {{owid_most_recent_date}}, protein subunit vaccines are being distributed
**Worldwide availability of vaccines developed using protein subunit.**
This figure reflects the number of vaccines based on protein subunit technology that were available in each country as of {{owid_most_recent_date}}.
These data are retrieved from Our World in Data [@url:https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus; @doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8] and plotted using geopandas [@doi:10.5281/zenodo.5573592].
The color scale is based on the number of vaccines of this type included in the OWID dataset as a whole, not the maximum observed in a single country.
See https://greenelab.github.io/covid19-review/ for the most recent version of this figure, which is updated daily.
]({{owid_protein_subunit_map}} "Availability of protein subunit vaccines"){#fig:ps-distrib secno=1}

Expand All @@ -422,6 +424,7 @@ As of {{owid_most_recent_date}}, only one VLP was available in one country (Cana
**Worldwide availability of vaccines developed with VLPs.**
This figure reflects the number of vaccines based on VLP technology that were available in each country as of {{owid_most_recent_date}}.
These data are retrieved from Our World in Data [@url:https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus] and plotted using geopandas [@doi:10.5281/zenodo.5573592].
The color scale is based on the number of vaccines of this type included in the OWID dataset as a whole, not the maximum observed in a single country.
See https://greenelab.github.io/covid19-review/ for the most recent version of this figure, which is updated daily.
]({{owid_VLP_map}} "Availability of protein subunit vaccines"){#fig:vlp-distrib secno=1}

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![
**Vaccine Distribution across Platform Types as a Function of GDP.**
The total number of doses distributed within each country as of {{owid_most_recent_date}}, by platform type, is shown as a function of GDP.
The total number of doses of the original formulation of each vaccine that were distributed within each country as of {{owid_most_recent_date}}, by platform type, is shown as a function of GDP.
These data are retrieved from Our World in Data [@url:https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus; @doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8] and plotted using the Python package plotnine [@url:https://github.com/has2k1/plotnine].
Lines show a general trend in the data and are drawn using geom_smooth [@url:https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/geom_smooth.html].
The list of countries included in the dataset is available from OWID [@url:https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/blob/master/public/data/vaccinations/locations.csv].
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