Add ruff

[ElliottKasoar]

As discussed with @stenczelt, adds ruff code formatter/linter, which is now used within a pre-commit, and tested through the CI.

For review purposes, I'd suggest looking at each commit in isolation, due to the large number of changes applied. Essentially, these involve:

1. Adding pre-commit dependencies, and rules for ruff to apply
2. Creating the pre-commit file to be run
3. Adding the pre-commit to CI tests
4. Applying the non-ruff pre-commit hooks to all files (white space formatting etc.)
5. Applying ruff format and ruff check --fix changes to all files
6. Applying ruff check --fix --unsafe-fixes and manual fixes to all files
7. Reapplying ruff format to code added in Fix data model #117